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Broadcast programming

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Radio programmer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Radio_programming" title="Radio programming">Radio programming</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Television programming" redirects here. For the content itself, see <a href="Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a>.</div>

Broadcast programming is the practice of organizing or ordering (scheduling) of <a href="Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> media shows, typically <a href="Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="Television" title="Television">television</a>, in a daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or season-long schedule.

Modern broadcasters use <a href="Broadcast_automation" title="Broadcast automation">broadcast automation</a> to regularly change the scheduling of their shows to build an audience for a new show, retain that <a href="Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>, or compete with other broadcasters' shows. Most broadcast <a href="Television_show" title="Television show">television shows</a> are presented weekly in <a href="Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> or daily in other <a href="Dayparting" title="Dayparting">dayparts</a>, though there are many exceptions.

At a micro level, scheduling is the minute planning of the transmission; what to broadcast and when, ensuring an adequate or maximum utilization of airtime. Television scheduling strategies are employed to give shows the best possible chance of attracting and retaining an audience. They are used to deliver shows to audiences when they are most likely to want to watch them and deliver audiences to advertisers in the composition that makes their advertising most likely to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

With the growth of digital platforms and services allowing <a href="Non-linear_media" title="Non-linear media">non-linear</a>, on-demand access to television content, this approach to broadcasting has since been referred to using the <a href="Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a> linear (such as linear television and linear channels).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

With the beginning of scheduled television in 1936, television programming was initially only concerned with filling a few hours each evening – the hours now known as <a href="Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a>. Over time, though, television began to be seen during the daytime and late at night, as well on the weekends. As air time increased, so did the demand for new material. With the exception of <a href="Sports_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports television">sports television</a>, variety shows became much more important in prime time.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scheduling_strategies">Scheduling strategies</h2></div>

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Broadcasters may schedule a program to air before or after a widely viewed <a href="Tentpole" title="Tentpole">tent-pole</a> program, such as a popular series, or a special such as a high-profile <a href="Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">sporting event</a> (such as, in the United States, the <a href="List_of_Super_Bowl_lead-out_programs" title="List of Super Bowl lead-out programs">Super Bowl</a>), in the hope that <a href="Audience_flow" title="Audience flow">audience flow</a> will encourage the audience to tune-in early or stay for the second program. The second program is usually one that the broadcaster wants to promote to a wider audience, such as a new or lower-profile series.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Sometimes, a lower-profile program may be scheduled between two tentpole programs, a technique known as <a href="Hammocking" title="Hammocking">hammocking</a>.

Lead-outs can sometimes help to launch new programs and talent; in 1982, NBC premiered <a href="Late_Night_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Night with David Letterman">Late Night with David Letterman</a> as a lead-out for its long-running <a href="Late-night_talk_show" title="Late-night talk show">late-night talk show</a> <a href="The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</a>. Characterized by an off-beat style appealing to young adults, Late Night helped launch the career of host <a href="David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a>, and influence later entries into the genre. Despite Carson's endorsement of Letterman as a successor following his 1992 retirement, NBC chose <a href="Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</a> instead, and Letterman departed for <a href="CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> to host a spiritual successor—<a href="Late_Show_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Show with David Letterman">Late Show with David Letterman</a>—beginning in the 1993–94 season. Late Night would continue as a franchise with hosts such as <a href="Conan_O'Brien" title="Conan O'Brien">Conan O'Brien</a> and <a href="Jimmy_Fallon" title="Jimmy Fallon">Jimmy Fallon</a>—both of whom would later go on to host The Tonight Show.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-nov-1981-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

The same season, <a href="Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> scheduled <a href="The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a> as a lead-out for its <a href="Sci-fi_western" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci-fi western">sci-fi western</a> <a href="The_Adventures_of_Brisco_County%2C_Jr." title="The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.">The Adventures of Brisco County Jr.</a>, with the expectation that Brisco County Jr. would serve as the anchor of its Friday-night lineup. However, The X-Files proved to be significantly more successful, and would eventually run for nine seasons. By contrast, viewership for Brisco County Jr. declined throughout the season, and the show was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Fox attempted to use other sci-fi shows as a lead-in for The X-Files (such as <a href="Sliders_(TV_series)" title="Sliders (TV series)">Sliders</a> and <a href="VR.5" title="VR.5">VR.5</a>), but they were similarly unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

A weak lead-in can have an impact on the viewership of programs that follow; NBC's 2009 attempt to <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Stripping">strip</a> the talk show <a href="The_Jay_Leno_Show" title="The Jay Leno Show">The Jay Leno Show</a> (a spiritual successor to Leno's tenure of The Tonight Show after Conan O'Brien <a href="The_Tonight_Show_with_Conan_O'Brien" title="The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien">succeeded</a> him) in a 10:00 p.m. ET/PT timeslot proved detrimental to the viewership of late local newscasts on its affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> NBC subsequently announced plans to shorten The Jay Leno Show to a half hour and move it to 11:35 p.m. ET/PT in late-February 2010, displacing The Tonight Show from its traditional timeslot. This proposal led to a <a href="2010_Tonight_Show_conflict" title="2010 Tonight Show conflict">public conflict between O'Brien and NBC</a>, and ultimately resulted in his departure from the network, and the reinstatement of Jay Leno as host of The Tonight Show.<a href="#cite_note-wsj11910-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blocks">Blocks</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Block_programming" title="Block programming">Block programming</a></div>

Block programming is the practice of scheduling a group of complementary programs together. Blocks are typically built around specific genres (i.e. a block focusing specifically on <a href="Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcoms</a>), target audiences, or other factors, with their programming often promoted collectively under blanket titles (such as <a href="American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s "<a href="TGIF_(TV_programming_block)" title="TGIF (TV programming block)">TGIF</a>" lineup, <a href="All_TV" title="All TV">All TV</a>'s "<a href="Jeepney_TV" title="Jeepney TV">Jeepney TV</a> sa All TV",<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and <a href="NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s "<a href="Must_See_TV" title="Must See TV">Must See TV</a>").

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridging">Bridging</h3></div>

Bridging is the practice of discouraging the audience from changing channels during the "junctions" between specific programs. This can be done, primarily, by airing promos for the next program near the end of the preceding program, such as during its credits,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> or reducing the length of the junction between two programs as much as possible (hot switching). The host of the next program may similarly make a brief appearance near the end of the preceding program (sometimes interacting directly with the host) to provide a preview; in <a href="News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">news broadcasting</a>, this is typically referred to as a "throw" or "toss".<a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[24]</a>

A bridge was used by <a href="American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> between <a href="Roseanne" title="Roseanne">Roseanne</a> and the December 1992 series premiere of <a href="The_Jackie_Thomas_Show" title="The Jackie Thomas Show">The Jackie Thomas Show</a>, a new sitcom co-created by <a href="Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne</a> and <a href="Tom_Arnold_(actor)" title="Tom Arnold (actor)">Tom Arnold</a> of Roseanne fame. A scene of the Connor family watching its opening on TV seamlessly transitioned into the program itself, with no junction in between. ABC commissioned a minute-by-minute Nielsen ratings report, which showed that the majority of viewers from Roseanne had been retained during the premiere.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-carter930321-26">[26]</a>

Owing to both programs' <a href="News_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="News comedy">news comedy</a> formats, the <a href="Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a> program <a href="The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a> used newscast-style toss segments to promote its new spin-off and lead-out, <a href="The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a>, in which host <a href="Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> would engage in a comedic conversation with the latter's host, <a href="Stephen_Colbert_(character)" title="Stephen Colbert (character)">Stephen Colbert</a>, via <a href="Split_screen_(video_production)" title="Split screen (video production)">split-screen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[24]</a> On the December 18, 2014 episode of The Daily Show, this segment was used to seamlessly segue into the <a href="Final_episode_of_The_Colbert_Report" title="Final episode of The Colbert Report">series finale</a> of The Colbert Report. At its conclusion, the show transitioned back to Stewart (giving the impression that the entire Colbert Report episode was merely a segment of The Daily Show), who concluded his show with its traditional closing segment "<a href="Your_Moment_of_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Your Moment of Zen">Your Moment of Zen</a>" (which featured an outtake from a previous toss segment) as normal.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

In some cases, a channel may intentionally allow a program to overrun into the next half-hour timeslot rather than end exactly on the half-hour, in order to discourage viewers from <a href="Channel_surfing" title="Channel surfing">"surfing" away</a> at traditional junction periods (since they had missed the beginnings of programs on other channels already). This can, however, cause disruptions with recorders if they are not aware of the scheduling (typically, <a href="Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders</a> can be configured to automatically record for a set length of time before and after a schedule's given timeslot in <a href="Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">program guide</a> data to account for possible variances).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> For a period, <a href="TBS_(American_TV_channel)" title="TBS (American TV channel)">TBS</a> intentionally scheduled all of its programs at 5 and 35 minutes past the hour rather than exactly on the half hour (a practice it marketed as "Turner Time"), to attract viewers tuning away from other channels.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossovers">Crossovers</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover (fiction)</a></div>

Crossovers can be organized between multiple programs, in which a single storyline is extended across episodes of two or more separate programs. Typically, these involve programs that form a single franchise or <a href="Shared_universe" title="Shared universe">shared universe</a>, such as NBC's <a href="Chicago_(franchise)" title="Chicago (franchise)">Chicago</a> franchise and <a href="Law_%26_Order%3A_Special_Victims_Unit" title="Law & Order: Special Victims Unit">Law & Order: Special Victims Unit</a> (all created by <a href="Dick_Wolf" title="Dick Wolf">Dick Wolf</a>),<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and the <a href="American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> dramas <a href="Grey's_Anatomy" title="Grey's Anatomy">Grey's Anatomy</a> and <a href="Station_19" title="Station 19">Station 19</a> (both created by <a href="Shonda_Rhimes" title="Shonda Rhimes">Shonda Rhimes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterprogramming">Counterprogramming</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Counterprogramming_(television)" title="Counterprogramming (television)">Counterprogramming (television)</a></div>

Counterprogramming is the practice of deliberately scheduling programming to attract viewers away from another, major program. Counterprogramming efforts often involve scheduling a contrasting program of a different genre or demographic, targeting viewers who may not be interested in the major program (such as a sporting event, which typically draws a predominantly-male audience, against an awards show that attracts a predominantly-female audience).<a href="#cite_note-ut-headtohead-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Despite frequently being among the top U.S. television broadcasts of all time, the <a href="Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> has had a prominent history of being <a href="Super_Bowl_counterprogramming" title="Super Bowl counterprogramming">counterprogrammed</a> in this manner. One of the most prominent examples of this practice was <a href="Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>'s <a href="Super_Bowl_XXVI" title="Super Bowl XXVI">1992</a> airing of a special live episode of <a href="In_Living_Color" title="In Living Color">In Living Color</a> against the game's <a href="List_of_Super_Bowl_halftime_shows" title="List of Super Bowl halftime shows">halftime show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trib-goalofspectacle-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-tacklessuperbowl-37">[37]</a>

Programs can also be counterprogrammed by a direct competitor in the same time slot, often resulting in the two programs attempting to attract viewers away from each other through <a href="Publicity_stunt" title="Publicity stunt">publicity stunts</a> and other tactics; these tactics have most notably been seen in counterprogramming efforts surrounding <a href="Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>, including the <a href="Monday_Night_War" title="Monday Night War">Monday</a> and <a href="Wednesday_Night_Wars" title="Wednesday Night Wars">Wednesday Night Wars</a> of the 1990s and 2020s respectively.<a href="#cite_note-bg-popsnonational-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Variety-40">[40]</a>

In some cases, broadcasters may attempt to adjust their schedules in order to avert attempts at counterprogramming, such as getting a slightly earlier time slot (in the hope that once viewers have become committed to a show they will not switch channels),<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[42]</a> scheduling the competing program on a different night, or moving it to a different portion of the television season to avoid competition altogether.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dayparting">Dayparting</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Dayparting" title="Dayparting">Dayparting</a></div>

Dayparting is the practice of dividing the <a href="Day" title="Day">day</a> into several parts, during each of which a different type program is appropriate for that time is aired. <a href="Daytime_television" title="Daytime television">Daytime television</a> shows are most often geared toward a particular <a href="Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a>, and what the <a href="Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a> typically engages in at that time.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stripping">Stripping</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Strip_programming" title="Strip programming">Strip programming</a></div>

Stripping is the practice of running a single series in a consistent, daily time slot throughout the week, usually on weekdays. Daytime programs such as talk shows, <a href="Court_show" title="Court show">court shows</a>, <a href="Game_show" title="Game show">game shows</a>, and <a href="Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a>, are typically aired in a strip format. Outside of serial drama formats such as <a href="Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovelas</a> where popular, strips are rarely used for first-run entertainment programming outside of limited <a href="Event_television" title="Event television">events</a>.

Syndicated reruns of network programs that originally aired on a weekly basis are often aired as strips. Shows that are syndicated in this way generally have to have run for several seasons (the rule of thumb is usually <a href="100_episodes" title="100 episodes">100 episodes</a>) in order to have enough episodes to run without significant <a href="Rerun" title="Rerun">repeats</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marathons">Marathons</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Marathon_(media)" title="Marathon (media)">Marathon (media)</a></div>

A marathon is the scheduling of a continuous, long-term block of programming as an event, usually devoted to airings of a single program or film franchise. When conducted using television series, a marathon may either consist of episodes aired in sequential order, or focus on episodes sharing specific themes.

Marathons are often aired on holidays (such as <a href="Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a>'s annual <a href="The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a> marathon on <a href="New_Year's_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, and <a href="Game_Show_Network" title="Game Show Network">Game Show Network</a> airing a <a href="Charles_Nelson_Reilly" title="Charles Nelson Reilly">Charles Nelson Reilly</a>-hosted marathon of <a href="Game_show" title="Game show">game show</a> <a href="Series_finale" title="Series finale">series finales</a> on <a href="New_Year's_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> in 1999),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> as counterprogramming for major events airing on other channels (such as the Super Bowl in the U.S.),<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> to lead into new episodes of a series, or to commemorate milestones/events surrounding a specific series or franchise (such as an anniversary, or the network's acquisition of rights to broadcast a certain series or franchise).<a href="#cite_note-Alexander-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-VH1Classic-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Some marathons may focus on the roles of a specific entertainer; the death of <a href="Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> resulted in several networks scheduling marathons of programming on or around January 17, 2022—which would have been White's 100th birthday—featuring her television appearances, such as Hallmark Channel airing a marathon of <a href="The_Golden_Girls" title="The Golden Girls">The Golden Girls</a>, and both <a href="Buzzr" title="Buzzr">Buzzr</a> and Game Show Network airing marathons of her game show appearances.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander-46">[46]</a>

While longer marathons are typically reserved for major events, the popularization of <a href="Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">binge-watching</a> via streaming services in the 2010s led to many U.S. cable networks adopting marathon-like blocks of programs as their regular schedule.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> To compete with the release practices of streaming services, <a href="TBS_(American_TV_channel)" title="TBS (American TV channel)">TBS</a> premiered entire seasons of its <a href="Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">police</a> sitcom <a href="Angie_Tribeca" title="Angie Tribeca">Angie Tribeca</a> in a marathon format.<a href="#cite_note-tvline-renewed-2-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Season2-52">[52]</a> Similarly, <a href="Free_ad-supported_streaming_television" title="Free ad-supported streaming television">free ad-supported streaming television</a> (FAST) services often feature linear channels that are narrowly-focused towards specific programs or franchises.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theming">Theming</h3></div>

A broadcaster may temporarily dedicate all or parts of its schedule over a period of time to a specific theme. A well-known instance of a themed lineup is <a href="Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a>'s annual "<a href="Shark_Week" title="Shark Week">Shark Week</a>".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Themed schedules are a common practice around major <a href="Holiday" title="Holiday">holidays</a>—such as <a href="Valentine's_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a>, <a href="Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>, and <a href="Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>—where channels may air episodes of programs, <a href="Television_special" title="Television special">specials</a>, and films that relate to the holiday. Channels may also air marathons of their signature programs and film rights to target viewers who are on vacation.

The U.S. basic cable networks <a href="Freeform_(TV_channel)" title="Freeform (TV channel)">Freeform</a> (<a href="25_Days_of_Christmas" title="25 Days of Christmas">25 Days of Christmas</a>, 31 Days of Halloween) and <a href="Hallmark_Channel" title="Hallmark Channel">Hallmark Channel</a> are known for broadcasting long-term holiday programming events. After experiencing success with its Countdown to Christmas event, Hallmark Channel adopted a practice of dividing its programming into similarly-branded "seasons" year-round, which are accompanied by thematically appropriate original series and <a href="List_of_Hallmark_Channel_Original_Movies" title="List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies">television films</a>. This strategy was part of an effort to position the channel as "a year-round destination for celebrations", and is synergistic with <a href="Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark Cards</a>' core <a href="Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">greeting card</a> and collectibles businesses.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-sl-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

A show's time slot or place in the schedule could be crucial to its success or failure; generally, earlier prime time slots have a stronger appeal towards family viewing and younger demographics, while later time slots generally appeal more towards older demographics. Some time slots, colloquially known as "<a href="Graveyard_slot" title="Graveyard slot">graveyard slots</a>" or "death slots", are prone to having smaller potential audiences (with one such example in the U.S. being <a href="Friday_night_death_slot" title="Friday night death slot">Friday nights</a>),<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> or insurmountable competition from highly rated series.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audience_flow" title="Audience flow">Audience flow</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_clock" title="Broadcast clock">Broadcast clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_time_zones_on_North_American_broadcasting" title="Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting">Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_schedule" title="Fall schedule">Fall schedule</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstitial_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial program">Interstitial program</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Computing_Services" title="Radio Computing Services">Radio Computing Services</a> – automated scheduling for radio stations</li>

<li><a href="Timeshift_channel" title="Timeshift channel">Timeshift channel</a></li>

<li><a href="TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a></li>

<li><a href="TV_listings" title="TV listings">TV listings</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Broadcasting111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a>

<ul><li><a href="Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li>

<li><a href="Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li>

<li><a href="P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li>

<li><a href="BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li>

<li><a href="News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a>

<li><a href="Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li>

<li><a href="Children's_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li>

<li><a href="Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Men's_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li>

<li><a href="Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li>

<li><a href="News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li>

<li>Graphics

<ul><li><a href="Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li>

<li><a href="News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li>

<li><a href="On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li>

<li><a href="Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li>

<li>Occupations

<ul><li><a href="Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li>

<li><a href="Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050981-3">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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